The short story is that when Google started developing Android 4, they decided to abandon one of those 4 USB connection options you mention (I have only ever seen 3), namely USB Mass Storage (USM). From what I have read, they switched to only allowing two (Windows) protocols - PTP (Picture Transfer Protocol) and MTP (Media Transfer Protocol), either of which essentially look at the type of files on your Android 4 device and then refuse to allow transfer (by USB, understand) files not deemed belonging to the realms of pictures and media. Very Apple of them, IMO. Why? Well, one Galaxy Nexus forum thread supposedly coming from a Samsung tech claimed their ultimate goal is to eliminate all "outside hardware connections" and external memory devices (SD cards) from Android devices. Ostensibly to get away from the diversification of where programs and files are/can be/ stored, to make it easier on program developers to code for "a single uniform platform design". I'm not buying it.
Now, there ARE alternatives, as this issue is currently only affecting USB in Android 4 devices. What I have found is that I can use a free app called Cheetah Sync to wifi sync "any" files from my rooted Iconia A500 tablet's Internal Storage (SD Card) and External SD Card (this is the confusing mess I referred to as diversification ) over to my Win7 PC since I can't do it with a simple USB connection after flashing ICS. Bluetooth might also work but I haven't tried it.
If you research the issue, you'll encounter a supposedly renowned tech journalist who insists that any ICS device which has an external SD slot and USB socket are not affected by this and still support USM. He is dead wrong. It doesn't work on my tablet, and it also doesn't work on my son's stock Transformer TF201 which came with ICS. Both have the hardware mentioned, and neither can transfer files which are not pictures or media. For me, not being into either of those categories, my tablet displays blank Windows Explorer windows when connected, where when it ran Honeycomb my PC was able to see and access every file in those locations and copy any I wanted back and forth to the same PC. I do so weekly as precautionary backups, having endured total SD card failure a few times (lost everything).
Under the PTP/MTP USB connection, there is no popup in the Android Notifications, no popup in Windows to show a device has been connected, and no "Safely Remove" icon available in Windows task tray when you plug in the device. It just shows up as a drive in Windows Explorer (however blank, for me).