It helps if you think of lithium ion batteries in terms of a gas tank. Current tech has shrunk them down as small as they can possibly be without inventing a new type of battery entirely.
That is untrue. We do not need a new tech...Lithium Ion is fine. What we need is a now cathode that will hold more Lithium Ions per volume. That is possible...in fact I was (no longer working in that lab) working on a crystal structure that was supposed to achieved that. For various reasons, it was not feasible in reality.
So, given that, there's also a finite amount of energy that can be stored inside them at a given size and thickness.
This may be a bit pedantic, but what you want to say is a given volume, density and anode/cathode crystal structure and chemistry.
To use the gas tank analogy, no matter how much you try, you'll only be able to fit a certain amount of gas inside of a tank at a certain size. A 5 gallon tank will fit 5 gallons of gas. Always. Trying to cram more in won't work because the laws of physics prohibit you from cramming six gallons into a 5 gallon space. If you want to fit more gas in the thing, you're going to need a bigger tank. The same is true for batteries.
The analogy almost works. 5 gallons of diesel takes up the same volume as 5 gallons of Gasoline, but it has more energy. Same with different battery chemistries.
The ONLY way to increase the mAh rating on a battery is to increase it's size. You can make like Moto did with the Razr Maxx and work some voodoo with form factor to accommodate the batteries increased size, but the bottom line is that more mAh means an increase in size. The Maxx isn't a "better battery" capable of higher mAh rating at the same or similar size, Moto just hid the size by changing the phone's physical construction. (Again, more gas needs a bigger tank. They hid the tank better. But it's still just as big as any other lithium ion at that mAh rating.) It's not a matter of the manufacturing company skimping on their battery budget and selecting a battery that's suboptimized, it's a matter of simple physics.
Does that make it any clearer?