Help Misbehaving

Those programs are shams in my opinion.

Your phone has been out since 2017. Most phones have a lifespan of 3-4 years.....mainly due to the battery. If you can find a replacement battery you might be able to extend d the life of the phone.

Now with that said, I think you might have either a hardware issue or it possibly could be software issue. You might want to put the device in safe mode and see if the issues persist or not. If it does, then it still could be a software or hardware issue. If the issues stops, then a 3rd party app is preventing proper charge.

The other option is to do a hard reset. Or possibly flash a firmware update. Not really familiar with your phone so I have no idea how Cat does this.

If all those fail to do the job, then you have a hardware issue.....most likely the battery.

https://www.gsmarena.com/cat_s41-8848.php
Since all those quirks you listed are power related, those are indications that the battery has failed. If it is a hardware issue like that, none of those software based solutions you've tried will make a difference. And given all those things you've tried, including multiple Factory Resets, have not fixed the problem, your options are limited.

Your model does not have a user-replaceable battery so you'll need to either send it out to be repaired, or look into replacing it yourself (the iFixit site is a good source for maintenance guides but unfortunately there's little for your Cat S41). Of course it still needs to be determined that the battery is the issue, if there's some other issue (i.e. the power/charging circuitry on the logic board itself has gone bad) than that's an even bigger problem. Repairing your phone could cost more than just buying a new one.
A stop gap solution might be to get an external battery. This does limit the portability aspect of a phone to always have it plugged into a battery, but some of the smaller ones are unobtrusive, and cheaper than a new phone. There are some really good low-cost, carrier-unlocked phones these days:
https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-budget-android-phone/
and a lot viable, really low-cost phones if you get a carrier-locked, branded phone. It might not be good time to look into getting a new phone, your current one may limp along with years in its current state but those power issues could also be a telling sign. Replacing a phone when there's a working phone is typically less of a hassle than when there's an unusable phone.

Hello, just to share my own experience as I had experienced exactly the same issue, first time I got it to boot I did not realize it was due to the phone being connected to the computer, using it as power source. Now I had the issue again (after restarting the phone) and only got it started again right after I read this post of yours, so thank you for connecting the bits together there.

The answer from svim is probably the best solution - get a new phone sounds a great option and one I will look into in near future, since it today it's second time i had to perform this factory reset and as much as cloud keeps most of the data, it is simply annoying.

If Battery Share app causes you troubles however, you can switch it off and it will stay off, in settings > applications > app info - you can find Battery Share, and find two buttons, Deactivate and Force app off, press both from left to right, then just to be safe you can set the app to not be able to pop up over your other apps if it somehow turned on again. This could save the bother.

But it seems the phone is just going haywire in more cases than this one, so I suppose the power issue of battery life coming to end is a good assumption. As it does not last as long as it used to be and the charging times vary pretty randomly. I think my battery is near over and so will be yours ( if you still have the phone, as since it is oct 2020 I assume you have rather moved on.)