1. Done via Google.
2. You can back up your device to your SD card, and restore from there (using programs from the market). You can also back up the SD card to your Computer. (No special software required).
3. all application installs are done over your phone's data connection. You don't need a computer for that.
4. Move your SD Card to the new device.
5. Plug your phone in, and do so via "My Computer".
You don't need third party software, you don't need ANY software. A computer is not required for any of the things that you're after. In fact, I do all of the things you've mentioned, (Just added a contact to my gmail account a second ago), and I haven't hooked my phone to a computer since I first got it and loaded my music and pictures onto it.
Having just got a Nexus 4 a few days ago, and having just begun to realize what Android users have gotten themselves into, I must comment.
Having come from good old Palm OS, and hearing virtually nothing about the built in, and, I must say, now SCREAMINGLY OBVIOUS privacy dangers inherent in using Android, I now realize why I've never heard anything about any desktop manager for Android.
1. Syncing your calendar, notes, etcetera via Google?! Ok, so let me get this straight. I just hand over every appointment, every personal note I make to myself, and every private task I set up to some server somewhere 'out there', is that right? Somewhere where anyone with either the brains or the access can look at whatever personal information I have on my device. Not to mention if something crashes that 'big server in the sky' then there go trillions of pieces of users' data with it. And this doesn't seem beyond stupid to anyone but me?
2. I just looked at the 'information' available to me from my device when I hooked it up to my desktop PC. Not only is there virtually nothing there, even from the programs it apparently randomly chooses to show me, but there's absolutely no way to work with or manipulate anything in any practical, efficient manner. I guess one could figure out how to manually do something with some of the information, but really, *this* spartan, bare bones "do it yourself" crap is what's available from a sophisticated handheld computer in 2013??
3. Yes, 99.999% of smartphone users will have a data plan, and with that they can download programs and applications directly onto their phones. For the other .001% of users who use a smartphone without a data plan, either because of geographic location or by choice, you're screwed.
4. So, moving the SD card to another device would transfer all your data, programs, etcetera? Everything? Every program, widget, memo, task, appointment....everything? Sorry, I'm not sophisticated enough with computers to know how this might work.
5. As for managing photos, music, etcetera, "...plug[ging] your phone in, and do[ing] so via 'My Computer'", well, that brings us back to that especially sore point I raised in #1--handing everything over to an outside entity unnecessarily. I tried to download a couple of pictures I had snapped, and it told me to sign in to Microsoft(!) Uh...I want to download MY pictures to MY computer. I don't want to, nor should anyone have to 'sign in' to anything. Obviously, it's another iteration of 'the Cloud' or whatever they/anyone wants to call it. Um, sorry. I want my pics on my computer---not your Cloud. See my previous reasons for explanation.
The carefree glee which jb59 apparently exhibits while he sends his private data into the great beyond, and how glibly he accepts this new version of Big Brother speaks volumes. How easily we can be convinced to trust outside sources with our personal information. It also shows how easily we are duped, despite almost daily reports of data mining, identity theft, etcetera, and despite constant warnings against allowing this to happen.
Really---think about it. Everyone operating with an Android device is willingly handing over tons of personal information to a multi-billion dollar company. And that company is charging you nothing for the privilege. Nothing seems even slightly fishy about this scenario? At the very least, they *will* data mine it---if not now, then after awhile when even more people have gotten used to the idea of not having possession of their personal information. After that, who knows? The very fact that it's out there means someone can do whatever they want with it if they can access it. And as I already stated, that someone can access it with enough effort is a given.
But now, what to do about a new phone? Since Palm is dead, and Windows Mobile isn