How can I see list of files modified in past 5 minutes anywhere on my phone's storage?

Do you have root access to your phone?

 

This doesn't quite match up with your query exactly but perhaps checking your phone's Notification Log might work out for you. It's more about viewing what recent running processes have done, not files:
https://mobileinternist.com/view-notification-history-android-pie

 

Without root, you can't.

With root, assuming the Linux find command is available, it's a piece of cake.