When using SD cards as adoptable storage, they are encrypted and mounted as an internal partition so they can only be used in that device. There should be a big huge warning when setting this up that you should NEVER remove the sd card from the phone unless your data is backed up off the phone. SD cards are too fragile and/or sensitive to use as removable storage, IMHO.
Theoretically, you should be able to take the card out of the phone and reinsert it without issue, but it will be completely useless in any other device or a card reader, so there's really no reason to do that anyway. It's encrypted. Unfortunately, depending on how you tried to read it in the other devices or a PC card reader, even the process of trying to access it can write to the card corrupting it's original encryption and making it unrecognizable to the phone it's supposed to formatted for. That's what I suspect has happened to your card. If that is the case, I'm afraid the data is lost.
It could also be a failing or failed card, which wouldn't be any better news.
You do have one possibility. If your phone doesn't particularly like hot-swapping sd cards you could try this - remove the sd card, power down the phone, put the sd card back into the phone and then power it up. If you're lucky, it will mount properly as adopted storage. If that doesn't work ... well,
