SD to Phone, without computer

Just find the images on the sd card and copy/move them to the phone using a file manager.

 

I don't think there is any phone which uses the SD form factor, so I don't think you're likely to find such an adapter.

Does the camera have bluetooth or some other wireless protocol?

If not, does it have any internal memory? If it does, try putting the pictures in the internal memory, put the microSD card in an SD adapter, put the adapter in the camera, and then copy from the internal memory. You might then be able to put the microSD back in your phone and see the images.

 

Depends on the phone. If the phone supports the USB OnTheGo (OTG) standard, you can plug a USB SD card reader into the phone. I've done this with the SGS2, which supports OTG.

 

Not without soldering.
To be read the SD card needs a reader. To get what's read onto the phone you need a connection. Without either it's a no-go.

Eye-Fi cards work wirelessly with computers. Mail the devs to find out if it will work with your phone.