This is not a problem with Google, I have read it's a problem with the way the phone uses the information passed in from Google. Here's the solution I used that worked for me, found here:
Issue 3672 - android - Calendar app won't sync events older than 1 month - Android - An Open Handset Alliance Project - Google Project Hosting
This only has to be done once, to bring in the old stuff, and from then on, it will be kept up to date.
There's a long conversation about this at that link, and several people have posted updated or shuffled around steps that worked better for them, so if it doesn't work check out that link. One thing that some people had to do was to turn on Airplane Mode to keep the phone from changing the date back to current again. I also found that the exact directions for finding and deleting the data for Calendar and Calendar Data weren't correct for my phone, but as long as you find them in your Applications page you can accomplish that step anyway. This has worked for me twice now, once right after I got the phone and again after a factory reset. Hope this helps!