Greetings MjK3,
I would first ask you, why do you want to root your phone? It doesn't seem like you've had it all that long, and I wonder what does it not do that you wish it did?
I'm not try to come off as elitist or blowing you off as a "Noob", because most of us started out like you are now, but you don't seem to have grasp on what rooting, and rom switching incurs.
I would suggest a little "
light, LOL!" reading up on the whole thing, before you start to tinkering with your phone.
Let me get off my soapbox, because that's not what you come here for. I'll try to answer your questions to the best of my ability.
1. I don't know the answer to this one. I'm unfamiliar with how old the update you've upgraded to is. The rule of thumb is that for every update, there is usually a waiting period (could be short, could be incredibly long. Never can tell), before a way to root it is found. Updates in general, close of whatever exploit was used in the previous version of the firmware to attain root.
2. A kernel is like the engine for the phone. It tells the phone how to perform and how to run the software.
2b. Picking one is a matter of choice. There can be number of kernels available for any device. The choice is up to the user. Some will work better than others. Your best bet is to read up on a kernel. Check out the comments from the developer and the people who use their work.
3. Roms contain the information for a device to work. They supply the the instructions for the kernel to run. Roms contain the overall appearance of you phone, the apps that come installed. Its the operating system for your phone. Think Windows or OSX.
3b. Same as 2b.
4. I'm a little confused with this question. Are you asking which software on your device to root, or asking which particular software is used for the rooting purpose.
If it's the latter, then your gonna have to do some reading to find that out. Different devices have different ways of rooting that phone.
Here is a link to the sub forum for your phone. I would suggest looking through it and getting better acquainted with how things work. The most often asked questions and information are usually pinned at the top of the forum.
Samsung Galaxy S2 (AT&T) - Android Forums
Good luck hope this helps.