Sorry to bump an old thread, but I was having a lot of issues, and after trying absolutely EVERYTHING, I finally found something that helped me.
I bumped into this thread while trying to figure out the problem. I tried restarting my phone, using an older version, updating, unistalling/reinstalling, etc. I even clicked on the check-in link, which did pull up my location, but when I went back to status, my location was not there. I was about to give up, but then I bumped into the solution. This will only work for those who have T-Mobile and phones that support wifi calling.
After I activated wifi calling on my HTC One S, the phone (for some reason) activates the GPS radio. I noticed that after I turned on wifi calling, the location on Facebook started working again. Wifi calling didn't need to remain on, but just activating it once seemed to give my phone the little kick it needed.
I hope this information helps some folks.